Stem Cells Aspiring to Naivety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1225 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells of multicellular organisms. Specifically embryonic stem cell are pluripotent, meaning they can create several different types of cells. With this new knowledge, biomedical research has ascended to new levels. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stem Cells: Aspiring to Naivety" essay for you Create order To get embryonic stem cells biologists first produce via vitro fertilization, which is where an egg and sperm are combined outside of the body, isolated at blastocyst stage, and are finally grown in culture. Embryonic stem cells are not regarded as native pluripotent stem cells, which are identical to the blastocysts they come from. Embryonic stem cells are instead regarded as primed pluripotent stem cells, because they taking a more mature cells ready to adapt. The ability to generate truly native cells a culture accommodates the happenings, to study early developmental processes. Thus presents the opportunity to optimize cell-differentiation protocols for disease molding and therapy. Several groups of researchers describe culture conditions, which can maintain human pluripotent stem cells in a blastocyst-like native state, by changing the primed state or by direct isolation from embryos. The similarities between native cells and blastocyst cells is still very vague. The researchers used different medleys of growth factors and small molecules to generate human cells with native mouse pluripotency features, each differing comparison to human blastocyst in terms of gene expression. Researchers hit a snag because embryonic development between humans and mice is starkly different pertaining to timing, morphology, and even at the molecular level. Because of this drawing conclusions with mouse pluripotency can be deceptive when comparing to the condition of human cells. To conquer this impediment. Theunissen, took to human embryos. On the basis of RNA expression, researchers began to brainstorm a new way to characterize among different embryonic stages. Approximately half of human DNA comes to pass rom mobile sequences termed transposable elements. Transposable elements become entrenched in the genome throughout evolution. Theunissen along with the help of his associates utilized the distinctive ample sequences that created RNA in a cell-type specific manner. Researchers established that genes shown in native cells lap over genes shown in the blastocyst, all the same the cells transposable-element profile coincide with one another being blastocyst, and prior developmental stage. With these findings, credible evidence can show the distinctness among the pluripotent cases of mice and humans. With a new focus on the regulation of gene expression, Theunissen turned to chemical modification to the DNA called methylation. Early embryos, saw a genome-wide DNA methylation levels decreasing dramatically compared to those in the egg and sperm, extending smidgen about the blastocyst. Though methylation is manage in domains to copy the gene inherited from one parent is shown, the copy taken from the other parent is subdued. This occurrence recognized as an imprinted sequence. The pluripotent stem cells that are prime contain greatly methylated genomes whist preserving their imprints. Researchers found that native cells exhibited a low average of methylation levels when compared to the indicated in the blastocyst. Just as anticipated, the methylation levels heightened when the cells were prompted to characterize. Nonetheless, the native cells permanently lacked methylation at most of the imprinted domains. This phenomena lead to a deviation from acceptable for the gene expression. The results, reflected those of a current experiment which deduced that the methylation patterns that were dissimilar to typical standards inadequately compare native and blastocyst cells. Further leading to the implication that methods other than those performed at the time of development affects the DNA methylation in native cells in vitro. On account of a deficiency of imprinting being related to an assortment of human diseases, it becomes an immediate matter to fix if current protocols for generating native pluripotent stem cells are to be used for therapy. In exploration of the X-chromosome, Theunissen inserted genes encoding different fluorescent marker proteins into the two X chromosomes. In the primed state, the florescent gene inserted into the inactive X chromosome remained silent, whereas the other gene was expressed (presented?). When the prime cells were converted to the native state, the silent reporter became activated. However when the researchers differentiated these native cells, the chromosome that had been inactive when the cells were primed was always the one to be inactivated again, suggesting that the process does not mimic normal, random XCI, but reflects residual molecular memory. Researchers finally tested if native pluripotent stem cells are functional, by trying to integrate them into an early-stage host embryo and analyzing whether they became part of the developing embryo. Since using hosts is forbidden researchers integrated their human cells into more than 1,300 mouse embryos. All the same, human-cell integration was too inefficient to test the functionality of the native human pluripotent stem cells. Human pluripotency is essential for fully exploiting its potential. Further (deeper) investigation into genome chemistry, nuclear organization and cellular metabolism will help clarify the explanations of pluripotent states and enhance our ability to mimic them in vitro. Intestinal Stem Cells: Got Calcium? Adult tissue homeostasis requires tightly synchronized rates of cell production in contrast to cell removal. The intestinal epithelium has existed for some time as the model of the study of tissue homeostasis by stem cells. Because the intestine is subject to both interior and exterior stimuli, that are needed to synchronize to adjust stem cells expansion and distinctness to tissue needs. Succeeding the classification of the intestinal stem cells, the gut of a fly has become priceless as a model for studying stem cell biology. In the time of the first five days of life and after feeding starts, a newly hatched flys intestine will grow to its final. The intestine enters a changeable state of inactivity amid spans of hunger. (3)Tissue-Specific Mutation accumulation in human adult stem cells during life The progressive gathering of genetic mutations in human adult stem cells over the course of life is correlated with numerous age-related diseases, as well as cancer. Severe differences in variety of cancer risk across the tissues, has been addressed to be determined by the lifetime number of adult stem cell divisions. Despite this however, patterns and rates of mutations in normal adult stem cells remain unrevealed. In liver adult stem cells, there is a different mutation in comparison to the small intestine and colon. The mutation spectra of driver genes in cancer display a great likeness to the tissue-specific adult stem cell mutation spectra. This evidence backs that the interior mutational process in adult stem cells can pioneer tumorigenesis. Regularly, cancer-imitating mutations in intestinal adult stem cells trigger tumor formation in a period of weeks, when in fact these mutations are unsuccessful in to propel the intestinal adenomas while induced in distinct cells. The random mutations emerging amid DNA replication in normal adult stem cells are inevitable and are projected to transmit an immense in dominance to cancer risk. Therefore, tissues that hold great levels of high adult stem cell turnover display higher cancer occurrence in comparison to tissues with low adult stem cells increase rates. Yet, computational modelling indicates the deviation of adult stem cell increase rates only cant rule out exterior risk factors as valuable origins of organ-specific cancer incidence. Regenerative medicine, such as stem cells can be transplanted into patients, restoring function in the bowel region the enteric nervous system lacks. Theoretically, the transplanted cells would come from the affected child to avoid immune rejection, after which non-surgical methods would be used for cell distribution.

The Media and Its Role Today - 3347 Words

1.0 The Media and its Role Today The media has always been playing the main role in providing information to us. Whether it covers on education, information or entertainment, gaining the latest news on these topics has been made easier nowadays with the help of the media. There are a number of the types of media that could be obtained nowadays. This includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines and internet. Although the main idea of the media is to educate people on the latest happenings, and connect the people from different parts of the world, there is also a downside of it. Sometimes, the media could have an impact towards a person’s personal lifestyle. One of the many impacts that could be influenced by an individual due to the†¦show more content†¦Without even noticing, the media is supporting the food industry which is contributing towards a significant effect on future problems involving weight issues. Besides that, children in particular are being exposed to the media without any parent al guidance. Parents are letting their children having television sets in their bedroom, which is not a good thing as this promotes unhealthy habits, such as eating while watching television. A recent online study showed that children who have televisions in their bedroom are more likely to have weight problems, in this case obesity and diabetes than those who do not have televisions in their room. From that online research, the statistics showed that 27.3% of children with a television in their room are overweight, which is high compared with 17.7% of children who do not have a television in their bedroom. Therefore, it is also arguable that the media could influence the occurrences of diabetes and obesity. 2.3 Anorexia Through out the decades, our definition towards beauty has been altered dramatically. We no longer value people from all shapes, sizes and skin colour. The underlying cause is the portrayal of beauty standards in the media in this generation. One of the focus on beauty standards is body image. In order to be accepted, you have to be thin or else there is no place for you in Hollywood or the world of modeling. These beauty standards set by the mass media has impacted women and youngShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Today s Media867 Words   |  4 Pages‘thank you’, and the biggest one for me was don’t burp in public. It is these standards that shape our societies view on how a woman should act and vice versa for men. Society aides the conformity of gender roles through role models, toys, and even media. To exhibit some gender roles in today’s media there are two gender specific commercials to demonstrate masculinity and femininity. In 2011, Miller Lite, air ed a commercial belittling a man about his masculinity in order to advocate Miller Lite thatRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1622 Words   |  7 PagesToday, many people don t look just for someone they identify with in their everyday life, or in people society, such as politicians or well-known actresses. Though they re still icons of our day, many people in our technological and media influenced days look toward television, film, books and other forms of arts. However, representation is not always fair nor is it proper when it comes to certain groups of human society. Many people who struggle with discrimination in their daily life, struggleRead MoreMedias Influence of Society Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesphone won’t get reception and your computer wouldn’t turn on. You’ve lost your music, your favorite TV show, your Facebook and lots more. As you can see the media is very important and popular. The media has been a popular creation throughout t he decades. As time passed the media develops from magazines to the television to the internet. The media in our society is everywhere. We see it everywhere from the time we wake up until we go to sleep. We wake up, eat breakfast then we turn on the televisionRead MoreEssay on Mass Media Development and Lieracy Assignment Options908 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment Options Brittnee Green University Of Phoenix HUM/186 Mass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment Options In today’s society mass media has such an influence whether it is positive or negative. It plays an important role in our everyday lives. Mass media affects everyone in the world. The purpose of mass media is everything tied into the advancement of technology and most often education, news, internet, television, magazines, and so muchRead MoreDoes the Media Dictate Our Life? Discuss1284 Words   |  6 PagesExtent Does the Media Dictate our Life today? For most people, the first thing that they do in the morning just after they wake up would be to check their Facebook. They will view all the notifications first before doing anything else. Such is the situation today where people are very dependent on Social media. Media can be classified into two main types old and new media. Where the old media consist mainly of newspaper while the new media consists of the television and the social media etc. While someRead MoreDoes the Media Dictate Our Life? Discuss1274 Words   |  6 PagesExtent Does the Media Dictate our Life today? For most people, the first thing that they do in the morning just after they wake up would be to check their Facebook. They will view all the notifications first before doing anything else. Such is the situation today where people are very dependent on Social media. Media can be classified into two main types old and new media. Where the old media consist mainly of newspaper while the new media consists of the television and the social media etc. WhileRead MorePositive Adult Role Models1038 Words   |  4 PagesPositive Adult Role Models Imagine living in a world where teens are doing drugs, pressuring their peers, and trying to be just like the models in magazines. Unfortunately, that’s the world we live in today. What do these teens need? They need positive adult role models. It is important for a teen to be influenced by positive adult role models while growing up; because if they don’t have positive adult role models, teens can be influenced by negative media, negative peer pressure, and teen drugRead MoreWhat Is Being Sold To The Youth Of The This Country Today?1185 Words   |  5 Pages What is being sold to the youth of the this country today? Looking specifically at media shown to children. I watched some kids TV ads to see what is actually being shown to the youth of the country. Children are exposed to systemic racism very early by the commercials they view when watching cartoons especially on Saturday mornings. I remember as a child I always wondered why being a young black boy there weren’t anyone that looked like me or if there was they didn t really have a part theyRead MoreMedia s Influence On Gender Relations And Sexuality1230 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, media represented gender and sexuality in the way that matched the dominant public view and mirrors the evolution of gender-related biases and stereotypes and views on sexuality. In the course of time, gender relations and sexuality evolved and changed and all these changes found their reflection in mass media (Bonvillain, 1995, 210). Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations an d sexuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This isRead MoreMedia s Negative Portrayal Of Minorities903 Words   |  4 Pagesfacilitation of everyday living. In today’s media, minorities are constantly being represented in a negative light. Those who fall victim to this tend to be Latinos and African Americans. In the news, there are many aired reports of acts of violence that are portrayed as being committed either by an African American or a Latino. Entertainment media also does its part in showing minorities through negative stereotypes and are underrepresented in important leading roles. Both tend to be seen as antagonist

Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the responsibilities of health care professionals. Answer: Health Care Professional Found Guilty Of Professional Misconduct Should Be De-register For Life. The responsibilities of health care professionals are to ensure the safety of the patients. They have an obligation to follow the standards of ethics that are followed in the healthcare sector as a part of the employment contract. These include taking care of patients in need, reporting the status of infection or other risks and the potential exposures to blood or the body ("C2.1.2 Responsibilities of healthcare workers | National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). Failure to follow the standards code of conduct and policies and procedures may result in disciplinary action that is subjected to the law. The essay is a debate regarding the topic if health care professionals should be deregistered for the entire life if they are found guilty on the grounds of professional misconduct. It is a possibility that the misconduct may be caused due to understaffed health professionals or a management problem. The essay explains why it is important to enable such steps in the healthcar e sector so that further misconducts do not occur. People come to the hospital in the hope of getting cared and cured (?aska-Formejster, 2016). They do not visit the hospital to face and experience the results of the managerial problems ("C2.1.2 Responsibilities of healthcare workers | National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). People get admitted with numerous disease and illness in the hope that they will return home fit and fine, they trust the hospital and the healthcare professionals there. Professional misconducts and effects of managerial problems are affecting the trust of the patients either directly or indirectly (Ardalan, Raeissi Hesam, 2017). This is creating a negative perception and image in the minds of the patient and their family members and high chances are there that they wont come back to the hospital to seek a further diagnosis if required and won't recommend their friends and relatives to visit the hospital in near future.This will highly affect the image and the reputation of the hospital and the he althcare professionals in the competitive market of health. One of the most important things that get affected by the professional misconduct of the healthcare professionals is the dignity of the patient (?aska-Formejster, 2016). Dignity is the respect that is required to be given to each and every patient who visited the hospital with lots of trusts; they visit the hospital without knowing anything about the healthcare professional who will be treating them. Good Medical Practice-the code of conduct for all the healthcare professionals and practitioners in Australia includes an asset of comprehensive norms and standards.These standards govern the ethical conducts that are required to be maintained in the healthcare sector (Button, Blackbourn Shepherd, 2016). Failing to address the norms may result in legal issues.Dignity is the basic human right for all individuals on the planet and should not be compromised to an extent. The healthcare professionals should pay special attention to this requirement. Though the term is a multidimensional concept, the concept of dignity includes respect for the patient, patients privacy norms and confidentiality (MLC et al., 2014). According to the international code of ethics for nurses and healthcare professionals, it is important to respect the life and the patients dignity irrespective of color, social status, race, nationality, and health status. The health care professionals should be subjected to guilt if they are found in violating confidentiality, patients privacy, and consent or disclosure of patients information or data (Muzio et al., 2016). Beside abusing a patient and engaging in sexual misconduct with a patient, avoiding and neglecting the critical patients and engaging in malpractices inside the hospital premises are punishable offenses and should be subject to law and further regulations ("C2.1.2 Responsibilities of healthcare workers | National Health and Medical Research Council", 2018). The above factors and conditions justify the grounds which should be considered to de-register a health care professional if he or she is found guilty of any professional misconduct. Example of a situation: A healthcare practitioner was taken into custody and his registration was cancelled for the lifetime since he was found to prescribe and give wrong medicine to a patient which resulted in further deterioration in the health of the patient (Button, Blackbourn Shepherd, 2016). Patients get admitted to hospitals and their health and life depend on the healthcare professionals who treat him or her. Hence minimum misconduct of the profession can cause a great harm to the health and can even risk the life of the patient. Thus healthcare professionals violating the conducts of professions should be de-registered for the lifetime. References Ardalan, H., Raeissi, P., Hesam, S. (2017). Study of Healthcare Service Recipients' Perceptions Regarding Observance of Patient Privacy and Medical Confidentiality in Teaching Healthcare Centers Affiliated with the Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2015-2016, Iran. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics, 4(2), 33-39. Button, M., Blackbourn, D., Shepherd, D. (2016). The Fraud Justice Systems:: A Scoping Study on the Civil, Regulatory and Private Paths to Justicefor Fraudsters. C2.1.2 Responsibilities of healthcare workers | National Health and Medical Research Council. (2018). Nhmrc.gov.au. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/book/australian-guidelines-prevention-and-control-infection-healthcare-2010/c2-1-2-responsibilities- ?aska-Formejster, A. (2016). Humanism in medicine-practical dimension: analysis of the documents (complaints and requests of patients)-problems and dilemmas. World Scientific News, 57, 493-502. Maley, B. R. (2014). Professionalism and professional ethics. MLC, H. N. G., Kay, M., Nash, L., Haysom, G. (2014). Mandatory reporting of health professionals: the case for a Western Australian style exemption for all Australian practitioners. Journal of Law and Medicine. Melbourne, Australia, 22, 209-220. Muzio, D., Faulconbridge, J. R., Gabbioneta, C., Greenwood, R. (2016). Bad barrels and bad cellars: a boundaries perspective on professional misconduct.

Intelligence And Iq Testing Essays - Intelligence, Psychometrics

Intelligence And Iq Testing Can intelligence be measured? Does an IQ test actually measure a persons intelligence? Does a high score indicate a genius? Does a low score indicate stupidity or merely ignorance? These questions have been asked over and over again by psychiatrists and scientists alike, but to date there are no clear answers. These questions cannot be answered without first defining what is meant by the term intelligence. Once intelligence has been defined then it should be easy to answer these questions; however, multiple definitions of the word tend to lead to further confusion. In a 1921 symposium entitled Intelligence and Its Measurement, psychiatrists were asked to define intelligence and their answers varied greatly. One described intelligence as equivalent to the capacity to learn. Other definitions included the ability to adapt adequately to relatively new situations, the capacity to learn or profit from experience, and the knowledge that an individual possesses. And one stated that there was no simple definition to the word because intelligence involves two factors- the capacity for knowledge and knowledge possessed (Sternberg & Detterman, 1986, p.39-40). Dictionaries add still more definitions: Funk s defines intelligence as The faculty of perceiving and comprehending meaning; mental quickness; active intellect; understanding , while Websters defines it as the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations; the skilled use of reason. While some of these definitions are similar, none of them are exactly the same. The definition of intelligence becomes even more complicated when one considers the work of Howard Gardner. Gardner claims that intelligence can not be defined with one definition because intelligence is not one thing. Gardner purports that there are eight different categories of intelligence: musical, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. He is currently considering adding a ninth category of intelligence: existential (Carvin). Gardner believes that all people excel in at least one category of intelligence. However, he cautions teachers using the multiple intelligence approach in the classroom: Do not label kids as spatial, but not linguistic or, for that matter, linguistic, but not spatial. The intelligences are categories that help us discover difference in forms of mental representation (Durie). If intelligence is what a person knows or understands then it is possible to measure intelligence; however, if intelligence is ones capacity for learning then it is more difficult to measure. If you have a bowl and want to know how much water it will hold then you simply fill the bowl with water, then pour the water into a measuring device, and then you know: That bowl holds two cups, 1/2 a liter, or 25 grams of water. There are many reasons why it is not possible to measure capacity for learning in the same manner: One cannot fill the brain with knowledge, pour the knowledge back out, and measure it. First, there is no way to indicate that the brain is full, no way possible to retrieve all of the information, and no measuring device for knowledge: You cannot have 2 cups, 170 grams, or three feet of knowledge (Block & Dworkin, 1976, p.239) Assuming that intelligence is what a person knows makes it possible to measure intelligence, but finding an accurate measuring device is difficult. The measurement of intelligence began with the work of Francis Galton who attempted to apply Darwins theory of biological evolution to the evolution of human society (Lawler, 1978, p.39-40). Although the tests have changed considerably since then, the type of measurement has remained essentially the same. An IQ test measures intelligence by finding a persons mental age, dividing it by his or her chronological age, and then multiplying that number x100 (Block however, there is no standard test or testing method. There are roughly over one hundred different tests with the most common of these being the Stanford-Binet test (Lawler, 1978, p.29) The test is administered either through group or individual testing. In group testing literacy is required and each person simply takes a timed written test. In individual testing literacy is not required: Each individual meets privately with a test proctor and takes a mostly oral examination. For example, a child of three would be asked to string beads, identify individual pictures

Free Essays on Sex Offenders

Recidivism of Sex Offenders Sex offenders have been a serious problem for our legal system at all levels, not to mention those who have been their victims. There are 43,000 inmates in prison for sexual offenses while each year in this country over 510,000 children are sexually assaulted (Oakes 99). The latter statistic, in its context, does not convey the severity of the situation. Each year 510,000 children have their childhoods destroyed, possibly on more than one occasion, and are faced with dealing with the assault for the rest of their lives. Sadly, many of those assaults are perpetrated by people who have already been through the correctional system, only to victimize again. Sex offenders, as a class of criminals, are nine times more likely to repeat their crimes (Oakes 99). This presents a problem for the public, as potential victims, and the legal system, which is entrusted by the public for protection. It would be irresponsible for the legal system to ignore the criminal class of sex offenders, for they are subject to a recurring physiological urge that requires the use of effective restraints that would curb the habitual repetition of episodes producing the harmful consequences to the public (Schopf 95). In light of this realization, steps beyond treatment have been taken to reduce the recidivism rate of sex offenders. Notification laws, special supervising techniques by parole officers, and both surgical and chemical castration are techniques used in various forms in this country and abroad with success. However, notification laws and both forms of castrations have not come about without criticism on constitutional grounds. Any criticism should take into account the extraordinary recidivism rates found only in the criminal class of the sex offender. A study found in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence by Michael C. Seto and Howard E. Barbaree looked at 224 sex offenders. Of those men, 33 committed a new offense of some ... Free Essays on Sex Offenders Free Essays on Sex Offenders Recidivism of Sex Offenders Sex offenders have been a serious problem for our legal system at all levels, not to mention those who have been their victims. There are 43,000 inmates in prison for sexual offenses while each year in this country over 510,000 children are sexually assaulted (Oakes 99). The latter statistic, in its context, does not convey the severity of the situation. Each year 510,000 children have their childhoods destroyed, possibly on more than one occasion, and are faced with dealing with the assault for the rest of their lives. Sadly, many of those assaults are perpetrated by people who have already been through the correctional system, only to victimize again. Sex offenders, as a class of criminals, are nine times more likely to repeat their crimes (Oakes 99). This presents a problem for the public, as potential victims, and the legal system, which is entrusted by the public for protection. It would be irresponsible for the legal system to ignore the criminal class of sex offenders, for they are subject to a recurring physiological urge that requires the use of effective restraints that would curb the habitual repetition of episodes producing the harmful consequences to the public (Schopf 95). In light of this realization, steps beyond treatment have been taken to reduce the recidivism rate of sex offenders. Notification laws, special supervising techniques by parole officers, and both surgical and chemical castration are techniques used in various forms in this country and abroad with success. However, notification laws and both forms of castrations have not come about without criticism on constitutional grounds. Any criticism should take into account the extraordinary recidivism rates found only in the criminal class of the sex offender. A study found in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence by Michael C. Seto and Howard E. Barbaree looked at 224 sex offenders. Of those men, 33 committed a new offense of some ...

The Story of an Hour †Literature Essay

The Story of an Hour – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers The Story of an Hour English Essay â€Å"The Story of an hour† was written by Kate Chopin in the late 1800’s. It was about liberation, freedom, and marriage in the late nineteenth century. The character Mrs. Mallard is depicted as a weak and fragile woman who suffers from heart trouble. When Mr. Mallard’s death was made apparent, Mrs. Mallard’s sister tries to break the news to her in a gentle way. Mrs. Mallard’s shock about her husband’s death was dramatic as â€Å"she wept at once with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arm† (Chopin 73). However, as Mrs. Mallard retreats to her room and locks the door she replaces her cries with the feeling of joy. This is an act of freedom for Mrs. Mallard as she lets out the words â€Å"free, free, free,† from her mouth. She is now free from her subservient role she played for her husband and others. This is how she feels throughout the story as she is depicted as a weak individual to someone who just gained a sense of self â€Å"as she looked into the future, a future that she would live for herself†(Chopin 74). It is also apparent as Chopin writes â€Å"And then she opened and spread out her arms; out to them in welcome†. The reaction Mrs. Mallard betrayed was not appalling or viscous but as an act of liberation. This is the way women should feel while there husbands’ are alive, women should not have to wait for a man to die in order to gain some sense of independence. Her feeling was â€Å"there would be no one to live for during those coming years, she would live for herself† (Chopin 74). When Mrs. Mallard discovers her husband is indeed alive, she dies of heart disease. The doctor diagnosed her death as â€Å"a joy that kills†. However, the death of her husband made her realize that she was living for him and not for herself. If Mrs. Mallard had had a strong heart she would have faced her circumstances long ago. Overall, Mrs. Mallard lacked the confidence that would have allowed her own self the awareness of how unhappy she was with her marriage. She should have stood up for her rights as an individual. But in the nineteenth century this was difficult for women who lived in a world where women didn’t have much of a choice but to do as they were told. Clarke, Arlene, and Marlene Clarke. Retellings: A Thematic Literature Anthology. â€Å"The Story of an hour. Kate Chopin†. 2003. 73-75. Research Papers on The Story of an Hour - Literature Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtThe Fifth HorsemanThe Hockey GameThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductQuebec and Canada

Biases and Judgments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biases and Judgments - Research Paper Example Judgment is the best management tool since many ideas are put into perspective thus having a high probability of making a decisive decision. The purpose of this study is mainly to determine the effects of application of both judgment and biases to an organization. Studying the purposes gives the opinion on the best management tool. According to Grise and Gallupe (2000), the effectiveness of management is determined by way of decision making. It is an obvious assumption that judgment is a better way of decision making than biases. Biases are ill painted because it may be used to cover an individual interest at the expense of the organization. In this paper, the hypothesis applied is that biases lead to inequality in organizations. Managers who choose bias over judgment are likely to make mistakes. There are several types of judgment and biases; information, cognitive, risk and uncertainty biases. From the four examples above, all form part of the dependent variables apart from the inf ormation biases. Information biases are the primary cluster filters and influences that influence decisions. This is for the reason that, when selecting amongst decisions, judgment makers at most instances instinctively misrepresent information. This is recognized as interest bias, optimism, conclusion bias, significance bias and self interest thinking. Information bias can also alter how the search of information usually is undertaken. Paucity of appropriate information, the staff in an organization may fail to do the right but without their knowledge. This consequently provides room for certain individuals or groups to fulfill their self interest. During decision making certain information may be ignored or added to achieve a specific outcome. This can be done by a trait known as illusion control. The illusion control is where judgment makers overrate the degree to which the outcome of a verdict is on their hands, and their capability to correct or repair harms should they come up as a consequence of a verdict. Additionally, there is an overrating of the personal abilities of the judgment maker to make the verdict. This type of bias tends to benefit persons who have achieved success in decision making. Decision makers influenced by this bias have a tendency to center their attention on the sections of the decision they can manage and ignore the factors that display uncertainty (Irani and Love, 2001). They also overrate their own responsibilities in order to assure themselves in case any form doubt comes up. Risk biases include the third set of choices and influences that take action on the decision procedure. These biases mostly take action on decision options which are aimed at reducing risk all through the decision making process. The awareness of risk shape decision results because a high percentage of the information and cognitive biases used by judgment makers are as well used to lessen the risk. Predictable choice making theory proposes that, choice is a mixture of risk and likely gains. Judgment makers, who are risk reluctant, go with options that have less possible gains, slighter options of results with less risk. Decision creators who seek risks go with options that potentially offer higher interests, although with better variation in results the higher the risks. Mangers tend to take risk more frequently when they come up with the decision individually than group thinking is